The study was approved by the human research committees at the Harvard School of Public Health and Brigham and Women’s Hospital. A total of 88,259 women remained for the current analysis.
Coffee caffeine skin#
We excluded women if they did not complete a dietary questionnaire in 1991 if >70 items were left blank or if the reported total energy intake was implausible (3,500 kcal/day) if they had a history of diabetes (including gestational diabetes), cancer (except nonmelanoma skin cancer), or cardiovascular disease at baseline or if they had not provided data on physical activity in 1991. Participants were aged 26–46 years at the start of follow-up. For the current analysis, follow-up began at the return of the 1991 questionnaire because diet was first assessed in that year. Information has been collected using biennial-mailed questionnaires, and response rates have been ∼90% for each questionnaire. We used data from the prospective Nurses’ Health Study II. Coffee constituents other than caffeine may affect the development of type 2 diabetes.
Tea consumption was not substantially associated with risk of type 2 diabetes (0.88 for four or more versus no cups per day P for trend = 0.81).ĬONCLUSIONS-These results suggest that moderate consumption of both caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee may lower risk of type 2 diabetes in younger and middle-aged women. Associations were similar for caffeinated (0.87 for a one-cup increment per day) and decaffeinated (0.81 ) coffee and for filtered (0.86 ) and instant (0.83 ) coffee. RESULTS-After adjustment for potential confounders, the relative risk of type 2 diabetes was 0.87 (95% CI 0.73–1.03) for one cup per day, 0.58 (0.49–0.68) for two to three cups per day, and 0.53 (0.41–0.68) for four or more cups per day compared with nondrinkers ( P for trend <0.0001). We documented 1,263 incident cases of confirmed type 2 diabetes between 19. Consumption of coffee and other caffeine-containing foods and drinks was assessed in 1991, 1995, and 1999. women of the Nurses’ Health Study II aged 26–46 years without history of diabetes at baseline. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS-This is a prospective cohort study including 88,259 U.S. OBJECTIVE-High habitual coffee consumption has been associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes, but data on lower levels of consumption and on different types of coffee are sparse.
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